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In “Test-Optional” Age, Standardized Tests Make College Admissions Fairer

  By: James Riddlesperger, program director, State and Federal Policy College admissions has become substantially more complex since many in...

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By: James Riddlesperger, program director, State and Federal Policy

College admissions has become substantially more complex since many institutions have implemented “test-optional” policies. ACT’s new State & Federal Policy issue brief, “How Standardized Tests Make College Admissions Fairer,” sheds light on the important role standardized tests play in supporting fair and equitable admission policies.

The brief explains how standardized tests, like the ACT test, offer an objective measure of academic readiness that ensures students, regardless of their background, have a fair chance to show what they have learned and are ready for after high school.

Drawing on research from Opportunity Insights, a team of researchers and policy analysts based at Harvard University, the brief also shows how test scores can often be stronger predictors of college success than high school GPA alone, as shown in the figure below. By including test scores as part of a holistic admission approach, colleges gain a fuller picture of each student’s readiness and ability to thrive in a rigorous environment.

Predictive Reliability
Higher SAT/ACT scores, left, are associated with higher college GPAs, but higher high school GPAs, right, are not. Source: Opportunity Insights.

As many institutions reconsider the role of standardized tests in their holistic admission processes, “How Standardized Tests Make College Admissions Fairer” offers students, families, and educators a perspective on how standardized testing can support a more equitable path to higher education.


New Research Sheds Light on Rural STARs

ACT previously announced we were collaborating with Opportunity@Work on a research project to better understand the experiences of the mor...

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ACT previously announced we were collaborating with Opportunity@Work on a research project to better understand the experiences of the more than 70 million workers in the U.S. who are Skilled Through Alternative Routes besides a bachelor’s degree, or STARs. We are now pleased to share the results of this research, which focused on ensuring that employers can realize the full potential of the labor market to meet their pressing needs for talent – and STARs can find jobs that fit their skills and experience.

The new report explores the unique challenges and opportunities facing rural STARs, particularly in the context of the economic disparities and demographic shifts occurring in rural America. While STARs comprise more than half of the national workforce (51%), they comprise a significantly higher proportion of the rural workforce (65%), making this population of workers an important area of focus for the broader STARs movement. We asked the ACT and Opportunity@Work team members behind this project to discuss why they did it, what they learned, and what comes next.

Why did you, personally, want to conduct this research?

Courtney Haynes, senior vice president and chief engagement officer, Opportunity@Work: From a personal perspective, the potential and realization of rural workers as an essential backbone of our economy runs deep. As a daughter of a coal miner, raised in southern West Virginia, I grew up with a genuine understanding of what meaningful work is and the cultural aspects of what a job means to someone’s ability to provide for their family. Access to a good-paying job is a catalyst for so much more.

Traveling the country for years – working in coal communities and the rural heartland with various organizations and the federal government – has only reinforced this same perspective and experience. With transitions in technology, clean energy, advanced manufacturing, and more, rural workers are again at the center of workforce development, and we must actively recruit, hire, and advance these workers for individual and collective prosperity as a country.

Cindy Hill, principal research psychologist, ACT: I've met many STARs during my years working with ACT Work Ready Communities. Seeing someone in a low-wage job with no pathway forward is discouraging. But I've also seen and heard many stories of someone taking the ACT WorkKeys assessments, earning an ACT WorkKeys National Career Readiness Certificate at the Gold or Platinum level, and their employer recognizing their potential and putting them on a career path within the company.

I’ve also seen how success can be achieved outside of conventional education and career trajectories – like it was for Reid, in Iowa. Reid found traditional education and office work unfulfilling, so he turned to the skills he learned from his father’s lawn mowing business. He started his own landscaping company, and after 10 years, he successfully employs five people.

We know from previous research that degree requirements, social networks, and misperceptions all contribute to employment barriers for STARs. What new information or findings does this latest research bring to the table to help us better understand and tear down those barriers?

Connie Kwong, Research Analyst, Opportunity@Work: By linking outcomes data from ACT’s Work Ready Communities program to census data, we can understand the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the counties participating in the program. This could help us identify which factors are facilitators or barriers to successful program participation.

Moreover, this enables us to better understand the potential of Work Ready Communities to improve economic and racial equity. For example, we learned that Black workers are overrepresented in Work Ready Communities. Black workers comprise 17% of the Work Ready Community workforce – compared to 11% of the overall U.S. labor force – and nearly half of all Black rural STARs live in participating counties.

Did the findings raise any new questions for you or opportunities for further research?

Haynes: This research is a foundational cornerstone of much more work to be done – bridging research, narrative, data, and networks together to align and realize the potential of our rural workers.

Hill: The findings underscore the necessity for more detailed data on rural STARs to address key questions about job availability, mobility, and career pathways. However, gathering this granular data poses several challenges, such as limited data availability, privacy concerns due to smaller populations, and resource constraints. Overcoming these obstacles requires targeted strategies and collaboration with local stakeholders.

Additionally, future research should combine both quantitative and qualitative data to gain a comprehensive understanding of these issues, enabling tailored strategies for employers, policymakers, and community leaders to effectively support rural STARs.

If you could offer just one piece of advice to rural communities that want to better support the economic mobility of STARs, what would it be?

Hill: Rural communities should invest in accessible, high-quality training and education programs. This can include partnerships with local businesses, community colleges, and online education platforms to provide relevant skills training that aligns with the needs of the local job market. By creating pathways for continuous learning and skill development, rural communities can help STARs gain the qualifications and experience needed to advance in their careers.

Kwong: In rural areas, STARs can face a unique set of barriers, such as limited access to transportation and digital resources, fewer job opportunities, and smaller professional networks. By strengthening these networks through local mentorship programs, partnerships between businesses and education institutions, or community-driven resource hubs, rural communities can help create pathways and access to better opportunities. This helps STARs connect to potential employers or career mentors and creates a supportive ecosystem that can assist with overcoming the compounding challenges of family obligations, financial constraints, and limited access to technology.

Additional links:

Access the new research from ACT and Opportunity@Work.

Learn more from Haynes and Opportunity@Work CEO Byron Auguste about the context and reasoning for the research.

Hear more about STARs and the collaboration between ACT and Opportunity@Work on the ACT Ready for Work podcast.

Learn more about ACT Work Ready Communities.


Spotlighting Native Voices: College and Career Journeys with VTEC and ACT

For Native American Heritage Month, ACT is pleased to feature student voices from the Virginia Tribal Education Consortium (VTEC) Native You...

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For Native American Heritage Month, ACT is pleased to feature student voices from the Virginia Tribal Education Consortium (VTEC) Native Youth Community Project (NYCP). VTEC’s NYCP grant serves Indigenous youth by addressing the college and career readiness needs of high school students who are citizens of Virginia-based tribal nations. ACT’s Center for Equity in Learning and VTEC have worked together to support the postsecondary and workforce preparation, access, and success of these students. Through this collaboration, we are cohosting college and career information sessions, providing vouchers for students to take the ACT assessment for free, and exploring creative ways to showcase Indigenous students’ success as they progress in their college and career journeys.

This blog spotlights Native American students Armand Azocar and Lorelai Everheart as they share their college and career goals, inspirations, and advice for other Indigenous students, highlighting their journeys through the support of VTEC and ACT.


What are your academic and professional aspirations?

Armand Azocar, junior, Ruth Asawa School of the Arts in San Francisco, California; Upper Mattaponi Tribe in King William, Virginia:

After high school, I intend to pursue a college education in either interior design or industrial design. I also have a strong interest in exercise science and plan to attend college in Colorado to further my competitive cycling career.

Lorelei Everheart, senior, Corona del Mar High School in Newport Beach, California; Pamunkey Indian Tribe in King William, Virginia: I am excited to pursue a college education in architecture. My goal is to design buildings that are environmentally sustainable and work with local ecosystems. I plan to incorporate traditional Indigenous designs and develop new architectural styles inspired by the art and heritage of my tribe.

What challenges have you faced in pursuing your education goals and preparing for your future career?


Armand: I have been fortunate not to encounter major obstacles in pursuing my educational goals or preparing for my future career. However, my high school is in a district that frequently has a lack of resources, which created challenges, particularly during my first two years. At that time, I struggled to keep my grades up because many teachers seemed uninterested, and the coursework felt disconnected from real-world issues. As a junior, I am enrolled in four AP classes, which has been a more positive experience. The courses are engaging and challenging, and my teachers are passionate about their subjects, which makes learning more enjoyable.

In addition to academics, I am also working on my career in professional cycling, which is expensive. To support this goal, I work as a bicycle coach at Wheel Kids to help cover the costs and gain experience in the field.

Lorelai: I experienced opposition to my indigenous approach to design in an art class. It was a painful experience, but it reinforced my belief that it is important to push for the recognition of indigenous designs to increase awareness of our contributions to society.

If you received assistance in applying to college, what kinds of support did VTEC provide that you found most helpful? (For example, one-on-one application guidance, financial aid night, college fair, help from a family member, etc.)

Armand: My mom is a professor, so she has been really helpful in figuring out how to apply and get financial aid.

Lorelai: I am grateful for the ACT college preparation I received from VTEC. Having access to such supportive resources has made a meaningful difference in my journey, and I am proud to have scored in the top 1%. I also owe a special thank you to my mom, who has been my biggest supporter. Her encouragement and guidance in school and planning for my future have been invaluable to me.

What advice or suggestions do you have for Indigenous students or people supporting Indigenous students as they navigate their education and career success journey?

Armand: I believe building strong social and emotional connections between each other is one of the most important things we can do as Indigenous people as we navigate our education and future careers.

Lorelai: I have four pieces of advice for students who plan to apply for college:

  1. Start thinking about how you want to present yourself to colleges earlier rather than later. High school is four years, but you only have three years to build your transcript and resume for college because you begin applications in your senior year.

  2. Aim to give colleges an answer to the question of why your coursework and extracurriculars are a good fit for one of the specific majors offered.

  3. Remember that even if you do not think you’re going to be chosen for something, it never hurts to apply. So just try.

  4. The education experience can be difficult for Native American students, but there are good mentors and programs out there to support you. I recommend seeking them out, and attending college fairs, and going to networking events.

Native Students Share Insights on Heritage and Higher Education: Part Two

In celebration of Native American Heritage Month, as we honor the rich history, culture, traditions, and contributions of Native Americans t...

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In celebration of Native American Heritage Month, as we honor the rich history, culture, traditions, and contributions of Native Americans to the United States, ACT is pleased to spotlight student voices from the Tribal Education Departments National Assembly (TEDNA). TEDNA is dedicated to empowering Tribal nations to serve their youth with the tools to succeed culturally, academically, and beyond. Over the years, ACT’s Center for Equity in Learning and TEDNA have collaborated on several programs and resources to advance college and career readiness and increase access to choices in education among Native students nationwide.
 
This two-part blog series spotlights Native American students as they share their college and career goals, inspirations, and advice for other Indigenous students, highlighting their journeys through the support of TEDNA and ACT. In the first blog post of this series, Ayden Anderson and Carter Clipp reflected on the mentors, resources, and experiences that have shaped their paths to higher education. In part two of this series, Kiara Pekah and Ryan Kosechata share their insights.
 
What are your academic and professional aspirations?

Kiara Pekah, sophomore, Rose State College, Oklahoma:
I plan to graduate from Rose State with an Associate of Science degree in biological science. After that, I will enroll in a four-year university to pursue a bachelor’s degree on either a pre-med or pre-vet track. I’m particularly interested in Oklahoma State University’s animal science bachelor’s program and its osteopathic medicine program. I am also interested in entrepreneurship, public health, and agriculture.
 
Ryan Kosechata, sophomore, Oklahoma Baptist University, Oklahoma: I plan to study mechanical engineering.
 
Who has motivated or inspired you in your college-going journey?
 
Kiara: My mother has been my biggest motivation as a first-generation student, always encouraging me to strive for better. My dad also inspires me with the hard lessons he taught about life and perseverance. I want to create better opportunities for my family and community, which face many challenges. The support I’ve received has driven me to pursue higher education so I can bring valuable resources back home. While my identity is rooted in my family, I’m also discovering other interests I want to explore and create change. Higher education is my path to achieving that.

Ryan: One of my cousins and an old friend inspired me to apply for college and strive to become a better version of myself.
 
What resources, such as scholarships, mentorship programs, or college prep materials, has TEDNA provided to support your pursuit of higher education? What did you find most helpful?

Kiara: My TEDNA mentors helped me apply to schools and scholarships and offered holistic support in guiding me toward success after high school. After our sessions, I felt more confident about pursuing higher education, knowing I wasn’t alone in this new process and could achieve more than I initially thought.
 
Ryan: One of the most valuable resources TEDNA provided me was a laptop, which has helped me perform better as a student and complete assignments from home.

What barriers have you faced in accessing higher education, and how do you think these can be addressed?

Kiara:
Since starting college, I've been assessing my skills and where I stand with each one. I realize there are effective challenges for high school students that can better prepare them for college. I could have pushed myself more in high school to improve my time management, critical thinking, and communication skills, which would have helped my adaptability in college. However, I also recognize that every college journey is unique, and what works as a challenge isn’t the same for everyone.
 
Ryan: One thing I struggled with was time management. Once I started to write down the things I needed to do for the week and have a set schedule, I had an easier time.

What advice can you offer to other Native American/Indigenous students hoping to pursue a college degree?

Kiara: Self-comparison to others can be discouraging and harmful for young people. College challenges you to reflect on how you want to live, who you want to be, and what success means for you. Getting involved on campus and networking with other Native youth through student organizations can help you build a community, develop skills like communication and teamwork, and provide a safe space. Additionally, finding campus resources will help you navigate challenges; remember that there are people ready to support you and help you succeed.
 
Ryan: I would advise them to take their time during the first semester to adjust, ask questions when needed, and enjoy the friendships they build along the way.
 
Why is it important for people to be aware of and understand Native American heritage?

Kiara:
Breaking stigmas and stereotypes can weaken their impact on Native communities and create more opportunities for future generations. Native heritage is deeply tied to identity and offers diverse perspectives that differ from Western views, providing invaluable knowledge. Cultural consciousness anywhere in the world is always beneficial because it fosters diversity.
 
Ryan: Without understanding the culture of past generations, we risk losing it, so it’s important to make an effort to preserve our heritage.
 
What are your aspirations for future Native American and Indigenous students with similar experiences?

Kiara:
Education is important for growth and should be seen more as an option for Indigenous students. We are all innate students and there are so many possibilities out there to achieve what you want for yourself, the environment, your communities, and the world. We share a lot of things with those around us, and we do not walk alone. Reach out if you need help and find what works for you! If there are changes you want to make, you can initiate them and find others along the way who want to help, too.
 
Ryan: It is important for them to show the world what our people are made of and what they are capable of.

Students Say GPA Alone Does Not Accurately Assess Academic Performance, College Preparedness

New survey finds students who accurately assessed their academic preparedness for college were more likely to use multiple sources of eviden...

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New survey finds students who accurately assessed their academic preparedness for college were more likely to use multiple sources of evidence

IOWA CITY, IA — High school students view their GPAs as only one piece of their overall academic performance, and they use multiple factors to decide whether they are ready for college courses, according to two studies released today by ACT.

These findings have important implications for the college admission process. Colleges should consider the variability of grading standards and nonacademic factors influencing GPA as part of the admission process. Additionally, high schools can play an important role in helping students learn about different metrics to evaluate their academic readiness, as well as the meaning and limitation of each metric.

“The findings underscore how colleges should continue to use a holistic approach to admission, encompassing a broader range of academic achievements, rather than placing too much of an emphasis on GPA — especially as research is showing widespread grade inflation in the aftermath of the height of the pandemic,” ACT CEO Janet Godwin said. “This research is also important to identifying ways that high schools can better support students in achieving a more accurate and comprehensive assessment of their readiness for higher education.”

The research surveyed high school students about how they would evaluate their own academic preparedness for college and whether they felt their grades accurately reflect how well they have mastered course content. Researchers compared the students’ responses with their ACT test results and found that students who accurately evaluated their academic preparedness were more likely to use multiple sources of evidence in addition to their GPA — such as difficulty of high school courses, grades in college credit-bearing courses taken in high school, and standardized test scores.

Additionally, students with A averages were more likely than students with B averages to strongly agree that their grades reflected their content mastery. This indicates differing interpretations of high school GPA and shows how students may not have a clear understanding about how high school GPA is calculated.

The research reinforces the need for a more equitable approach to college admission, particularly regarding high school GPAs. The research indicates that while students perceive their GPAs as fair when comparing peers from the same school, concerns about fairness emerge when comparing students from different educational contexts.

“By encouraging students to showcase their capabilities through various metrics, colleges can better assess readiness for higher education,” said Dr. Edgar I. Sanchez, a principal research scientist at ACT who co-authored both studies. “Additionally, these studies highlight the need to educate students about different measures of academic preparedness, so they can advocate for themselves effectively.”

Based on these findings, there are several actions high schools can take to better help students prepare academically. Schools can guide students to utilize various academic measures, encourage enrollment in college credit-bearing courses, and focus on developing strong study skills. By implementing these strategies, schools can better support students in achieving a more accurate and comprehensive assessment of their readiness for higher education.

The research is based on two new studies in ACT’s Student Voice Survey Series. The first surveyed students on their perspectives of how their GPA reflects their mastery of a subject. The second study surveyed students on what academic preparedness means to them and what evidence they use to evaluate their academic preparedness. The studies included a sample of nearly 2,000 students nationwide who were surveyed between September and November 2023.

Key findings:

High School Students’ Perceptions of High School GPA
, by Edgar I Sanchez, Ph.D., Joyce Z. Schnieders, Ph.D., Becky L. Bobek, Ph.D.
  • High school GPA was the most common metric students used by students to evaluate academic readiness.
  • Nearly one-quarter (22%) of students with an A-level high school GPA strongly agreed that their grades reflected their content mastery, while only 5% of students with a B-level GPA expressed the same confidence.
  • 83% of students used two or more metrics in their assessment of academic readiness.
  • 36% of respondents utilized all four metrics examined: high school GPA, standardized test scores, difficulty level of high school courses, and grades in college credit-bearing courses taken in high school.
  • Among students using two metrics, the most common combination was high school GPA and standardized test scores (35%). The second most common combination was the difficulty level of high school courses and grades in college credit-bearing courses (20%).
High School Students’ Perspectives on Academic Preparedness for College, by Joyce Z. Schnieders, Ph.D., Becky L. Bobek, Ph.D., & Edgar I Sanchez, Ph.D.
  • When describing academic preparedness for college, many students highlighted that it meant being ready for the rigor and pace of college courses, along with adjusting to the teaching styles in college courses.
  • A majority of students self-rated themselves as academically prepared for first-year college courses (believing they had at least a 50% chance of earning a B or higher). ACT compared students’ self-rated academic preparedness in first-year college courses with whether they met the ACT College Readiness Benchmarks using their ACT subject scores.
  • For English, 97% of students rated themselves as academically prepared; of those students, 82% met ACT benchmark, but 15% did not.
  • For math, 89% of students self-rated academic preparedness; of those students, 61% met ACT benchmark, but 28% did not.
  • For reading, 95% of students self-rated academic preparedness; of those students, 64% met ACT benchmark, but 31% did not.
  • For science, 87% of students self-rated academic preparedness; of those students, 55% met ACT benchmark, but 32% did not.
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About ACT

ACT is transforming college and career readiness pathways so that everyone can discover and fulfill their potential. Grounded in more than 65 years of research, ACT’s learning resources, assessments, research, and work-ready credentials are trusted by students, job seekers, educators, schools, government agencies, and employers in the U.S. and around the world to help people achieve their education and career goals at every stage of life. Visit us at www.act.org.  

Contact: publicrelations@act.org

Native Students Share Insights on Heritage and Higher Education

  In celebration of Native American Heritage Month, as we honor the rich history, culture, traditions, and contributions of Native Americans...

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In celebration of Native American Heritage Month, as we honor the rich history, culture, traditions, and contributions of Native Americans to the United States, ACT is pleased to spotlight student voices from the Tribal Education Departments National Assembly (TEDNA). TEDNA is dedicated to empowering Tribal nations to serve their youth with the tools to succeed culturally, academically, and beyond. Over the years, ACT’s Center for Equity in Learning and TEDNA have collaborated on several programs and resources to advance college and career readiness and increase access to choices in education among Native students nationwide.

This two-part blog series spotlights Native American students as they share their college and career goals, inspirations, and advice for other Indigenous students, highlighting their journeys through the support of TEDNA and ACT.

What are your academic and professional aspirations?

Ayden Anderson, freshman, The University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma: I plan to become a wildlife biologist at the Wichita Wildlife Refuge.

Carter Clipp, freshman, Oklahoma State University, Oklahoma: I hope to complete my business degree at Oklahoma State University and find job opportunities during and after my college career.

Who has motivated or inspired you in your college-going journey?

Ayden: The show Wild Kratts sparked my passion for animals, my science teachers inspired me to pursue a career in science, and the Youth Enjoy Science (YES) Oklahoma program helped solidify my decision to attend the University of Oklahoma.

Carter: I have always known college was a good path to take, and my parents reinforced my decision.

What resources, such as scholarships, mentorship programs, or college prep materials, has TEDNA provided to support your pursuit of higher education? What did you find most helpful?

Ayden: The YES Oklahoma program helped me get ready for the science courses at the University of Oklahoma and adjust to college life, while TEDNA prepared me for everything else I need to succeed.

Carter: I was lucky to have a great TEDNA mentor who was extremely helpful in finding scholarship opportunities, writing reference letters, supporting me through challenges, and offering valuable advice.

What barriers have you faced in accessing higher education, and how do you think these can be addressed?

Ayden: It can be challenging not knowing what resources are available or where to access the necessary information to apply to college.

Carter: The biggest challenge I faced was money. We couldn’t get some extra financial help from FAFSA because my parents’ income was above the salary cap, but it didn’t consider that I have three siblings, one of whom is already in college. Financial struggles are very real. While I agree that lower-income families should receive more benefits, I believe we need more scholarships that focus on academic and athletic abilities. It would also help to encourage students to seek out scholarship opportunities and other financial aid early on.

What advice can you offer to other Native American/Indigenous students hoping to pursue a college degree?

Ayden: Hang in there; things may get tough, but you have the strength to get through it.

Carter: You are not alone. Reach out to people and get all the help you can.

Why is it important for people to be aware of and understand Native American heritage?

Ayden: "Who are you that do not know your history?" - Ulysses. It’s important to remember where you come from and who you are because, once we forget, that part of us is lost.

Carter: Understanding you and your family’s history is important in all cultures. It is important for other people to learn to feel more empathy and try to understand how you might feel in certain situations.

What are your aspirations for future Native American and Indigenous students with similar experiences?

Ayden: My hope for future Native American and Indigenous students like myself is that they continue to grow, achieve, and become even better in every way.

Carter: I hope they are able to find the resources that are available to them and take advantage of all the benefits that come with being Native. I also hope they find a way to give back to the community.

November is National College Application Month

By: Lisa King, director, American College Application Campaign Each November, ACT celebrates National College Application Month. It’s a time...

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Lisa King, director, American College Application Campaign
By: Lisa King, director, American College Application Campaign

Each November, ACT celebrates National College Application Month. It’s a time to increase awareness of the ways we can expand access for all students to high-quality education experiences beyond high school, and to intentionally support and celebrate high school seniors throughout the college application and admission process.

This year, we are seeing troubling new data indicating that fewer freshmen are enrolling in college – including institutions that serve high percentages of students from low-income families. That makes it even more crucial to mark this month with programs, ceremonies, and activities designed to encourage students to plan for college. States including Arkansas, Colorado, Georgia, Indiana, Michigan, and New York have issued proclamations or announcements recognizing these efforts. College Application Campaigns in these states and others across the U.S. are taking extra steps to encourage seniors who are still deciding where to apply to get those applications submitted.

Learn more about National College Application Month in the video from Lisa King, director of ACT’s American College Application Campaign. Then, access the resources below to support your National College Application Month activities.


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