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In today’s educational landscape, preparing students for success means more than just teaching content — it’s about equipping them with lifelong skills. A pioneering partnership between Metro Nashville Public Schools (MNPS) and ACT is doing just that by embedding ACT preparation into the K–12 curriculum. This initiative is reshaping how students engage with standardized testing and how educators approach instruction, offering tools and strategies that support academic growth from the earliest grades.

Leadership Driving Change

At the forefront of this transformation is Dr. Meri Kock, ACT Coordinator for MNPS. Her leadership has been instrumental in developing a comprehensive framework that weaves ACT prep into core subjects, ensuring students are not only test-ready but also academically confident.

Empowering Educators: The ACT Educator Academy

Recognizing that every educator plays a role in student success, MNPS launched the ACT Educator Academy, which is now evolving into the College and Career Readiness Academy. This program recruits faculty from all disciplines, including teachers, counselors, speech pathologists, social workers, and staff supporting students experiencing homelessness.

“In our first cohort, I invited anyone who wanted to support students,” Dr. Kock recalls. “Now, in our fourth year, applications have more than doubled as educators see the value in connecting curriculum, careers, and college readiness.”

Participants receive ongoing professional development through ACT Instructional Mastery in English, math, reading, and science, attend ACT State Organization Conferences, and engage in informal gatherings to share resources and strategies.

Why ACT Prep Belongs in the Curriculum

The ACT is more than a college entrance exam — it’s a measure of academic readiness that applies across postsecondary pathways. Whether students pursue college, technical training, military service, or enter the workforce, the skills assessed by the ACT are universally valuable.

“ACT prep, just like education in general, is about developing our students’ ability to communicate, think analytically, read critically, and interpret data,” says Dr. Kock. “These skills serve students well, no matter where life takes them. ACT prep isn’t about teaching to the test — it’s about preparing for life.”

To support this vision, when training or creating classroom curriculum, MNPS integrates ACT Online Prep, Powered by MasteryPrep into daily instruction, providing an accessible and comprehensive platform that educators can easily adopt for daily use.

As the labor market and education systems evolve, many states are having to find creative ways to help bridge gaps between students not pursuing a four-year degree and employers struggling to fill essential roles. Creating alternative pathways for these students is key to expanding opportunity, meeting workforce demand, and boosting local economies.

Across the country, state leaders are rethinking what readiness looks like and how to help every learner demonstrate the skills employers value most. States like Alabama, Louisiana, and Vermont are leading the way by integrating ACT WorkKeys and the National Career Readiness Certificate into their education and workforce development strategies. These tools help students demonstrate job-ready skills and give employers confidence in hiring qualified candidates.

Alabama: universal access and strategic retesting

Alabama offers ACT WorkKeys to all high school seniors every fall, ensuring broad exposure to career readiness assessments. Students who do not achieve a Silver-level NCRC — a benchmark for workplace readiness — can retest in the spring, with access to the WorkKeys curriculum to help improve their scores and impress potential employers.

Since 2006, Alabama students and job seekers have earned over 438,000 NCRCs, with more than 186,000 Silver-level certificates and over 114,000 Gold and Platinum-level certificates.

“Employers in the region understand a job seeker’s potential and feel that they are getting a better qualified employee with the NCRC,” says Donny Jones, Chief Operating Officer at the Tuscaloosa Chamber of Commerce

This widespread adoption has helped bridge gaps between education and industry, with 655 Alabama employers actively supporting the initiative and gaining access to more qualified applicants.

Louisiana: incentivizing achievement and community engagement

Louisiana administers ACT WorkKeys to all 11th and 12th graders, with over 13,000 students participating annually. The state’s school accountability system incentivizes high performance by awarding school report card points for students who earn a Gold-level NCRC or higher.

Impressively, 53% of students earn at least a Silver-level certificate, reinforcing Louisiana’s commitment to workforce readiness. Since 2006, Louisiana students and job-seekers have earned 307,362 NCRCs, and the state is also a national leader in Work Ready Communities, with 35 of 64 parishes actively participating.

Eleanor McMain Secondary School in New Orleans recognized the value of the NCRC for students post-graduation. “We broke down what the [WorkKeys] National Career Readiness Certificate meant and what it could be used for,” explains Dr. Melanie Moore, principal. “That’s when students bought into it. And then, we took it to the faculty to explain to them that it’s not just a test; that this can help students beyond just high school.”

With nearly 1200 Louisiana businesses supporting ACT WorkKeys NCRC, this alignment between education and economic development has created a robust pipeline of skilled workers, particularly in north Louisiana, which ranks among the top three regions nationally for coordinated Work Ready Community initiatives.

Vermont: innovative credentialing and postsecondary recognition

Vermont’s Department of Education has taken a strategic and innovative approach to WorkKeys. All 11th- and 12th-grade CTE students are required to take the WorkKeys Applied Mathematics and Workplace Documents assessments.

“Vermont first required all of its regional CTE centers to administer WorkKeys assessments beginning in the 2020-2021 school year,” says Ruth Durkee, Vermont AOE state director of career technical education. “We phased in our requirements for the percentage of students to be tested. In the first year, 56% of our CTE program concentrators took the WorkKeys Workplace Documents and Applied Mathematics assessments. That increased to 86% in the 2021-2022 school year, and then to 97% in 2022-2023 and 98% in 2023-2024."

Students who score a Level 5 or higher can then take the Graphic Literacy assessment to qualify for the NCRC. Those who score a Level 5 or higher across all three assessments receive their NCRC, which Vermont recognizes as a postsecondary credential for Perkins V accountability. With over 9300 NCRCs earned, this reinforces the credential’s value in both secondary education and workforce development.

The Community College of Vermont also acknowledges the value of WorkKeys. CTE students’ WorkKeys scores can be used for eligibility into Fast Forward and Dual Enrollment programs, and matriculated students who earn a Level 5 NCRC receive two elective credits at the CCV.

The value of non-degreed credentials

According to the National Science Foundation, 52% of STEM workers in the U.S. do not hold a bachelor’s degree. Many work in middle-skill occupations that require technical proficiency but not a four-year college education. Yet a skills gap threatens future growth. The U.S. could face a shortfall of 2.1 million manufacturing workers by 2030, potentially costing the economy $1 trillion in lost productivity.¹

Programs like ACT WorkKeys and NCRC are essential tools to close this gap by validating the skills of non-degreed workers and aligning education with industry needs.

The bottom line

Alabama, Louisiana, and Vermont demonstrate how ACT WorkKeys and NCRC can transform education systems, empower students, and strengthen local economies. By recognizing and rewarding real-world skills, these states are building a resilient, inclusive workforce—one that meets the demands of today’s industries without requiring a traditional college degree.

¹ https://allamerican.org/research/manufacturing-jobs-by-industry/

For immediate release:

IOWA CITY, IA (Oct. 15, 2025) — ACT today unveiled its annual Graduating Class Release, providing a clear snapshot of college readiness among the ACT-tested students in the Class of 2025 and valuable insight into those graduates’ readiness for workforce success.

Overall, 30% of the nearly 1.4 million 2025 graduates who took the assessment at least once between their 10th and 12th grade years met three or more of the four ACT College Readiness Benchmarks, meaning they have a 50% chance of scoring a B or better in associated, first-year college courses and a 75% chance of scoring a C or better in those courses. ACT data from prior graduating classes show that students in college who have met at least three ACT benchmarks are more than twice as likely to graduate within 150% of the expected time for an undergraduate degree than students who have met none.

“The best step to not just being admitted to college but graduating from college is being academically prepared for first-year success,” said ACT CEO Janet Godwin. “ACT College Readiness Benchmarks provide unbiased measures of that readiness — free from grade inflation and other influences.”

In-School Testing and Retesting

ACT celebrates the 23 states and hundreds of districts that expand access by providing students the chance to receive a college-reportable score and valuable postsecondary planning insights through school-day testing. Of those, 15 states tested 90% or more of their 2025 graduates.

“In-school testing for all eligible students is an easy choice,” said Lizzette Reynolds, Tennessee Commissioner of Education. “It gives us the most representative view of our students’ readiness and empowers students with data to guide their next steps after high school, whether through college, the workforce, or the military.”

In Tennessee, 76% of the 2025 graduating class took the ACT more than once, many of whom tested through a statewide program providing the retake at no cost to students. Kentucky, Oklahoma, and Wyoming also provided in-school retesting options in 2024-25. Nationally, students who take the ACT more than once increased their ACT Superscore by an average of 2.4 points. The ACT Superscore allows students to put forward their best section performances to colleges, universities, and scholarship-awarding organizations to increase their chances of admission, scholarships, and course placement.

Work-Ready Indicators

In addition to college readiness, the ACT also provides a research-based indicator of workforce preparedness. Based on their ACT scores, nearly 850,000 members of the ACT-tested Class of 2025 were projected to earn Silver or higher-level ACT WorkKeys National Career Readiness Certificates. That signals that they have the essential foundational skills needed for success in most jobs in the U.S.

“States offering WorkKeys and testing are giving students the opportunity to earn powerful credentials — whether they are heading straight into the workforce or planning for college,” Godwin said.

Nearly 30,000 employers recognize the WorkKeys NCRC, and the American Council on Education recommends up to nine college credit hours for students who hold the credential. Nineteen states fund WorkKeys or WorkKeys Curriculum for learners and adults in the workforce, including Kansas, which provides funding for students to take WorkKeys, in addition to the ACT, while in high school.

“Some level of postsecondary education remains ideal for nearly all students,” said Beth Fultz, director of career, standards, and assessment services at the Kansas State Department of Education. “However, that isn’t possible or isn’t the immediate aspiration for every student. We offer the ACT WorkKeys Assessments to high school seniors who have not previously earned a WorkKeys score, not only to empower those who are heading straight into the workforce, but also to provide college-bound students more information that connects their learning to future jobs.”

The Enhanced ACT

Starting in spring 2025, students participating in national online testing outside of school time were able to take the enhanced ACT, with fewer questions, more time per item, and an optional science section. The enhanced test reflects extensive input from educators and students and marks the first major update to the ACT since 2005, when the optional writing section was added. Access to the enhanced ACT, which will be available online and on paper for all testers, will continue to roll out to all students through spring 2026. States and districts that pay for in-school testing will determine whether their students take the optional science section.

“I feel like (having more time) significantly helped,” said Noah Clements, a New Jersey student who took the enhanced ACT in April. “When I would do practice tests, I was getting on the edge of the time every single time. This time, I had time to review almost every section.”

Access and Recognition

In addition to data focused on the 2025 graduating class, ACT announced that:

• The company distributed more than 1 million ACT fee waivers in the 2024-25 school year, helping eligible students access testing and test prep resources.
• The number of schools offering one or more PreACT assessments grew by 20% from 2023-24 to 2024-25, giving more students and families early access to information about progress toward college readiness and giving educators key information to guide how they are preparing students.
• Just more than 14,000 8th- and 9th-graders earned Distinguished Scholar awards for exceptional performance on the PreACT 8/9, indicating significant progress toward college readiness.
  

The college admissions process can feel overwhelming for students — from maintaining good grades and choosing the right extracurricular activities to writing essays, visiting campuses, and taking entrance exams.

As one of the most trusted college entrance tests and an ally to parents, students, educators, and higher ed, we recognize that students may have anxiety about scores and that colleges need to rigorously assess the right skills to find top applicants.

As part of our commitment to provide learners with a positive testing experience while still delivering a fair, accessible, and accurate assessment of skills for college admissions teams, ACT recently announced updates and improvements to the ACT test.

The enhanced ACT has been modernized to provide more flexibility for the test taker, all while maintaining the same high level of accuracy and predictive power of the legacy test.

What’s new and what’s staying the same

We’ve made a few key changes to create a better experience for test-takers without changing the accuracy of what the ACT measures.

What changed?

In classrooms across the country, educators are doing more than teaching; they’re transforming lives. Among them are two dynamic women, Leah Douglas, member of Zeta Phi Beta Sorority, Inc., and Ashley May, member of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Inc., whose journeys to and through higher education reflect the power of preparation, purpose, and community.

FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE

CONTACT: ACT Strategic Communications; publicrelations@act.org

By Tammy Patterson, College Career Navigator, Springbrook H.S., Silver Spring, MD

Springbrook High School is a 2024 American College Application Campaign School of Excellence recipient and a participant of the Maryland Post-Secondary Success Campaign

As the college and career navigator at Springbrook High School, I knew my mission was to help students realize their potential and pave a pathway toward their dreams. Over the years, I’ve seen firsthand how talented and ambitious our students are. Yet, I’ve also noticed a recurring challenge — too many lacked exposure to the resources, networks, and opportunities they needed to take those crucial first steps toward college and career success.

The spark that started it all

Sixteen years ago, we organized a simple college visit at our school campus. The concept was straightforward: bring representatives from local universities to speak with our students. What we witnessed that day exceeded all expectations. Students, many of whom had never interacted one-on-one with a college representative, were captivated. They eagerly asked questions, flipped through brochures, and for the first time began imagining themselves stepping onto a college campus.

That initial event proved one thing to me: it’s not that our students lacked ambition, but rather guidance and exposure to understand how to turn their aspirations into reality. From that moment, I knew that to make a real difference, we needed to bring the tools, connections, and conversations directly to our students. And so, our first American College Application Campaign event was born.

Access to resources is key to opening doors

The goal of our college application campaign is simple but profound: to equip students with the resources and confidence to take the next step into their future. Over the years, we’ve expanded to a comprehensive series of events, including college fairs, essay-writing workshops, application help sessions, and financial aid seminars. These events are carefully designed to empower students to envision a future beyond high school.

By hosting these events during the school day, we make the process accessible and inclusive. Students don’t have to find transportation, juggle after-school commitments, or worry about navigating unfamiliar spaces. It’s become a cornerstone of our culture — empowering students to see what’s next and giving them the tools to take that first step confidently.

Many have told us they felt “seen” and supported in a way they hadn’t before, and it’s not uncommon to hear someone say, “Now I can actually picture myself in college.”

ACT established the ACT Scholars program to nurture the academic talent of graduate and community college students at the University of Iowa and Kirkwood Community College, respectively. These institutions share ACT’s commitment to helping all learners achieve their college and career goals. Each ACT Scholar’s story reflects resilience, passion, and a vision for the future.

Finding qualified candidates is a challenge for both employers and colleges. What if there were a way to bridge the gap between classroom learning and job performance? That’s where the ACT WorkKeys® program steps in. WorkKeys is a comprehensive initiative designed to prepare individuals for success in the workplace. Here’s why it’s a game-changer:

1. Real-World Skill Focus

WorkKeys assessments are built around practical, job-relevant skills like applied technology, business writing, and essential skills. These aren’t abstract academic tests; they reflect the actual tasks people face on the job. In fact, a recent ACT research study reported that a vast majority of students surveyed feel that they would be better prepared for college and the workplace with courses focused on developing essential skills.

For many students, the ACT is more than a test; it’s a bridge to post-secondary opportunities. But for learners facing financial barriers, even the registration fee can feel like an impossible hurdle. The ACT Fee Waiver Program offers learners in need the opportunity to take the test and open doors to possibilities beyond high school. With access for all learners as a cornerstone of the ACT mission, this program helps them build confidence and prepare for long-term success.

Kagan Word, a 2022 fee waiver recipient, is now a Biology/Pre-Med student at Tennessee State University, a historically black college and university. His high school counselor at Forrest City High School, in Arkansas, a strong mentor to the entire student body, ensured the class was aware of the ACT Fee Waiver Program and encouraged them to take advantage of it.

Kagan knew he needed to take the ACT to gain acceptance into college with opportunities for merit scholarships, so he immediately jumped at the idea of applying for a waiver. He emphasized the importance of school counselors in spreading awareness and guidance throughout the process and reflected on how that shared knowledge made him feel. “It meant that my education and future were valued by not only myself but by my school and ACT itself. It also boosted my confidence in pursuing opportunities both educationally and professionally.”

Additionally, Kagan shared that receiving the fee waiver motivated him to study harder and take advantage of the opportunity being afforded him. “With the test being free, I wanted to give it my best shot—so I put in a lot of work to study and prepare.”

Learners such as Kagan, who are recipients of the program, benefit not only from increased college and career opportunities but may also develop healthy study habits and increase confidence in their post-secondary endeavors.

Why This Matters

The ACT Fee Waiver Program is about more than just gaining access to the test; it’s a collective effort with a ripple effect.

• Educators play a critical role in informing and guiding learners toward fee waivers. Stories like Kagan’s show how a simple conversation can change a learner’s trajectory.
• For parents and guardians, fee waivers ease financial stress and empower children to pursue college with confidence, so it’s important to work with school counselors who can determine eligibility.
• Employers benefit too! Learners who take advantage of the ACT Fee Waiver Program now can be valuable employees later. Giving them those opportunities can help build a stronger, more prepared workforce.
• Finally, for influencers and advocates, sharing stories like Kagan’s helps normalize the use of fee waivers, encouraging more learners to consider postsecondary options.

When educators, parents, and community leaders join forces to promote the ACT Fee Waiver Program, financial barriers are broken down and pathways are built for all learners’ success. This simple act of collaboration empowers the next generation of leaders to realize their full potential.

Education is about more than grades or degrees — it’s also about equipping students with the tools they need to excel in life and work. Over the years, the spotlight on "essential skills" (formerly referred to as social-emotional learning or SEL) has intensified, and for good reason. These skills, encompassing traits like grit, teamwork, resilience, curiosity, and leadership, are critical for personal growth and professional success. We have conducted pivotal research to understand how essential skills can bridge gaps in preparedness, benefiting students’ academic journeys and eventual entry into the workforce.

What are essential skills?

Essential skills are the foundational traits and behaviors that influence how individuals think, act, and respond to challenges. These traits can be cultivated through formal education, life experience, and intentional development programs. For this research, the essential skills examined include the following key qualities:

• Grit – Persistence, goal orientation, and diligence in achieving objectives.
• Teamwork – Collaboration, empathy, and trust when working with others.
• Resilience – Effective stress management and the ability to bounce back after setbacks.
• Curiosity – Openness to new perspectives, creativity, and a willingness to learn.
• Leadership – Optimism, assertiveness, and the ability to inspire and influence others.

These skills are universally applicable, shaping everything from relationships to classroom and workplace behavior. Many employers have now expressed the need to prioritize candidates who demonstrate these transferable traits.

The growing importance of essential skills

Our research highlights the key role that essential skills play in both education and employment. Reports from the World Economic Forum indicate that seven of the top 10 core skills needed in today’s workforce are closely linked to key attributes such as collaboration, adaptability, and resilience. But why does this matter?

Here’s a breakdown of what our surveys revealed about students’ perceptions of these skills' importance:

High school students

For Immediate Release:

Iowa City, IA - ACT today announced that edtech veteran Eric Wenck has joined the assessment company as chief technology officer.

“This leadership position is paramount to our continued growth and success and reflects our unwavering commitment to world-class experiences for learners, educators, team members, and ACT partners,” said ACT CEO Janet Godwin. “With 35 years in the information technology and education industries, I’m confident Eric is poised to lead ACT’s technology initiatives well into the future.”

Eric will lead a team of approximately 200 team members working with Product and Operations teams to deliver enhancements to current services, new products, and optimal internal systems to ensure the highest quality experiences for everyone engaged with ACT.

“Having built my career in the education and technology space, I’ve been able to combine my passions for mission-based work and business discipline,” Wenck said. “I can’t think of a better place than ACT to continue that work by developing technological innovations to help realize the company mission of leading the industry in best-in-class educational products and services. It’s truly a privilege to join ACT.”

In addition to its flagship college readiness test, ACT provides PreACT assessments, work-ready assessments that lead to recognized certification, and assessments for international students seeking to demonstrate their English-language skills and readiness for college in the United States and other countries.

The ACT is equally accepted at all major institutions of higher education in the United States, including Ivy League schools, and at more than 400 higher ed institutions outside of the U.S.

“Everyone at ACT recognizes that our systems provide critical points of connection between learners, educators, institutions of higher education, and future employers,” Wenck said. “I’m excited for the opportunity to help ensure those systems remain reliable and expandable to meet growing and changing needs.”

ACT established the ACT Scholars program to nurture the academic talent of graduate and community college students at the University of Iowa and Kirkwood Community College, respectively. These institutions share ACT’s commitment to helping all learners achieve their college and career goals. Each ACT Scholar’s story reflects resilience, passion, and a vision for the future.

August 6, 2025 – [Iowa City, IA] – ACT is pleased to announce significant updates to its English Learner (EL) policies to improve access to essential supports for EL students and simplify processes for educators. These changes, set to take effect in Fall 2025, reflect ACT's ongoing commitment to help all learners fulfill their potential.

The revised policies are designed to enhance clarity, accessibility, and inclusivity. EL supports will now be valid for two years, doubling the previous one-year approval period, which expired annually on July 31. By extending the validity, school officials can significantly reduce the administrative burden of submitting annual, individual reconsideration requests, enabling them to focus more time on EL student needs.

To further empower educators, certain EL supports can now be approved locally. Test instructions translated into a student’s native language and the use of an ACT-authorized word-to-word bilingual dictionary or glossary can now be approved at the local level. These refinements allow test accessibility coordinators more time to provide individualized attention to students requiring authorized accommodations. If EL students do not require extended time, an EL support request is no longer necessary in the Test Accessibility and Accommodations system.

“Our team listened to student and educator feedback and implemented these changes to level the playing field for English Learners, reduce barriers to access, and make it easier for educators to support them,” says Joy Durham-Carthen, Director of Accessibility and Accommodations.

In a major update to help students, ACT is now accepting additional EL screening proficiency measures. Alongside ACT-approved screeners, such as the WIDA Screener, ELPA21 Dynamic Screener, and LAS Links, various state-administered EL screener tools that assess all four language domains (listening, reading, speaking, and writing) are now eligible. State administrators interested in having their local EL screener evaluated for consideration by ACT can reach out to ACTaccom@act.org.

To further assist EL students across linguistic communities, ACT is excited to announce the addition of Ukrainian-translated test instructions for all ACT products.

New content and training videos have been added to the ACT website, offering streamlined guidance on submitting EL requests and understanding documentation requirements.

These updates are designed to provide EL students with a more accessible and supportive testing environment while reducing administrative workloads for school personnel. They reflect ACT’s commitment to continuously evolve its policies to meet the needs of all students and educators, ensuring a fair and accessible testing experience for all learners.

For additional details on these changes or for assistance, please visit the ACT website or contact ACT accommodations support at 319-337-1270.

ACT established the ACT Scholars program to nurture the academic talent of graduate and community college students at the University of Iowa and Kirkwood Community College, respectively. These institutions share ACT’s commitment to helping all learners achieve their college and career goals. Each ACT Scholar’s story reflects resilience, passion, and a vision for the future.

 
ACT established the ACT Scholars program to nurture the academic talent of graduate and community college students at the University of Iowa and Kirkwood Community College, respectively. These institutions share ACT’s commitment to helping all learners achieve their college and career goals. Each ACT Scholar’s story reflects resilience, passion, and a vision for the future.

For ACT Scholar Niaja William, college is more than a personal goal; it’s a way to honor her mother’s legacy and continue a shared path toward a career in education. At Kirkwood Community College, she’s found purpose beyond the basketball court with inspiring mentors and a passion for teaching. With the support of the ACT Scholar program, Niaja is embracing each day and building a future she’s proud of.

Hear Niaja’s advice for other college students, how she stays motivated, and what the ACT scholarship has meant to her journey in the video.

By Amie Albrecht, NPHS counselor, North Platte, Nebraska

When I joined North Platte High School’s counseling team, I was struck by the immense potential of our students and their endless possibilities beyond high school. This year, our team set out to create tangible moments for students to reflect on and plan for their futures. This led to hosting our very first WhyApply events.

With encouragement from our principal, Cory Spotanski, and the commitment of our counseling team — Sky Seery, Brett Julius, Nashea Meduna, Traci Foster, and me — we launched these events to inspire students and show them that their dreams are achievable.

“Minion Different Ways to Go”

By Bernardo M. Ferdman, Ph.D., Principal, Ferdman Consulting

Dr. Bernardo Ferdman, founder and principal of Ferdman Consulting, recently conducted a webinar on inclusion as part of ACT’s Distinguished Lecture Series. He is a renowned expert in fostering inclusion within organizations. As one of its core principles, ACT is committed to fostering inclusion within our company as well as the education and workforce communities we serve. Here, Dr. Ferdman shares some of his thoughts from that lecture.

Inclusion is one of the most valued aspirations in today’s workplaces and one of the most misunderstood. It’s easy to say and hard to do.

When I ask people what inclusion means, I hear words like welcoming, belonging, respect, access, and acceptance. These are all central to inclusion. Yet, in practice, fostering real inclusion is far from simple. It’s complex, nuanced, and can even be uncomfortable.

In a recent talk for ACT’s Distinguished Speaker Series, I invited participants to explore what makes inclusion so challenging—and how we can work toward it more effectively in our organizations and daily interactions.

What is inclusion, really?

To understand inclusion, we must first distinguish it from related concepts.

Diversity is about the composition of a group or other collective, who is present across identities, backgrounds, and perspectives.

Equity is about fairness in access, treatment, processes, opportunities, and outcomes, especially as these intersect with systems and identities.

Inclusion goes deeper: it’s about making differences matter. It means creating environments where people can contribute fully and authentically—without hiding or suppressing valued parts of themselves (Ferdman, 2017; 2021). It’s not just about who’s in the room; it’s about how we relate, how we lead, and how we structure systems and culture so that everyone can thrive and contribute.

Inclusion requires us to work with—not despite—our differences. It’s about fostering mutual benefit, disrupting patterns of inequality, and supporting growth and participation at all levels and for all people. At its core, it’s about how we behave with each other and how we create what I call experiences of inclusion: the ability to feel safe, welcomed, and valued, and to do our best and be our full selves without having to hide what we value most about who we are.

Why is inclusion so challenging?

Inclusion appeals to many of us—but often collides with persistent tensions. These aren’t signs of failure; they’re built into the nature of inclusion itself. They are paradoxes we must learn to see and navigate (Ferdman, 2017).

These are three core paradoxes of inclusion I see repeatedly: